Hypereosinophilic syndrome: a rare cause of ST-elevation myocardial infarction and thrombus formation on the aortic valve.

We present a case of a man in his 30s presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and eosinophilia. The patient underwent thrombus aspiration and initially echocardiographic evaluation was normal. The patient was discharged after 2 days, but was hospitalised again after 6 days. Echocardiographic evaluation now revealed a thrombus formation on the aortic valve. Laboratory data revealed increasing eosinophilia, and treatment with high-dosage corticosteroids and hydroxyurea was initiated as eosinophilic disease with organ manifestations could not be precluded. Eosinophils normalised and the patient was discharged again. The combination of hypereosinophilia and absence of infection, rheumatological disorders and malignancy, led to reactive or idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome being the most plausible diagnoses. The patient was closely monitored in the cardiology and haematology outpatient clinics. Echocardiographic evaluation, performed 6 weeks after the patient was discharged, showed significant regression in the size of the thrombus mass.

World Health Organization and International Consensus Classification of eosinophilic disorders: 2024 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management.

DISEASE OVERVIEW: The eosinophilias encompass a broad range of non-hematologic (secondary or reactive) and hematologic (primary or clonal) disorders with the potential for end-organ damage. DIAGNOSIS: Hypereosinophilia (HE) has generally been defined as a peripheral blood eosinophil count greater than 1.5 × 109/L, and may be associated with tissue damage. After the exclusion of secondary causes of eosinophilia, diagnostic evaluation of primary eosinophilias relies on a combination of various tests. They include morphologic review of the blood and marrow, standard cytogenetics, fluorescence in situ hybridization, molecular testing and flow immunophenotyping to detect histopathologic or clonal evidence for an acute or chronic hematolymphoid neoplasm. RISK STRATIFICATION: Disease prognosis relies on identifying the subtype of eosinophilia. After evaluation of secondary causes of eosinophilia, the 2022 World Health Organization and International Consensus Classification endorse a semi-molecular classification scheme of disease subtypes. This includes the major category "myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia and tyrosine kinase gene fusions" (MLN-eo-TK), and the MPN subtype, "chronic eosinophilic leukemia" (CEL). Lymphocyte-variant HE is an aberrant T-cell clone-driven reactive eosinophila, and idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is a diagnosis of exclusion. RISK-ADAPTED THERAPY: The goal of therapy is to mitigate eosinophil-mediated organ damage. For patients with milder forms of eosinophilia (e.g., <1.5 × 109/L) without symptoms or signs of organ involvement, a watch and wait approach with close follow-up may be undertaken. Identification of rearranged PDGFRA or PDGFRB is critical because of the exquisite responsiveness of these diseases to imatinib. Pemigatinib was recently approved for patients with relapsed or refractory FGFR1-rearranged neoplasms. Corticosteroids are first-line therapy for patients with lymphocyte-variant HE and HES. Hydroxyurea and interferon-α have demonstrated efficacy as initial treatment and in steroid-refractory cases of HES. Mepolizumab, an interleukin-5 (IL-5) antagonist monoclonal antibody, is approved by the U.S Food and Drug Administration for patients with idiopathic HES. Cytotoxic chemotherapy agents, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation have been used for aggressive forms of HES and CEL, with outcomes reported for limited numbers of patients. Targeted therapies such as the IL-5 receptor antibody benralizumab, IL-5 monoclonal antibody depemokimab, and various tyrosine kinase inhibitors for MLN-eo-TK, are under active investigation.

Idiopathic Hypereosinophilic Syndrome in a Professional Athlete.

OBJECTIVE: To present the case of an athlete with hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES). CASE REPORT: We present a 25-year-old female athlete, with no significant past medical history, who had a two-month history of progressive dry cough, wheezing, exertional dyspnea, and chest pain. Physical examination revealed patient to be febrile to 101.6 degrees Fahrenheit and tachycardic to 120 beats per minute with new leukocytosis of 35.9x109/L and eosinophilia of 24,000/µL. She was also found to have elevated troponins ~1.5 ng/mL and creatine kinase (CK) 203 U/L. Her overall clinical picture was concerning for hypereosinophilic syndrome with multiorgan system involvement. CONCLUSION: Findings endorse the diagnosis of HES. HES is a rare condition that is difficult to diagnose. Early clinical diagnostic signs of HES may include fatigue, cough, breathlessness, and fever.

An 85-Year-Old Man with Fever, Dyspnea, and Dry Cough Diagnosed with Idiopathic Hypereosinophilic Syndrome, Successfully Treated with High-Dose Corticosteroids.

BACKGROUND Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (I-HES) is a rare disease diagnosed as absolute eosinophil count >1500 cells/µl and end-organ involvement attributable to tissue eosinophilia with no secondary cause of underlying eosinophilia. The mean age of presentation for I-HES is 44 years. The skin, lungs, and gastrointestinal (GI) system are most common sites of presenting manifestations, including fatigue, cough, dyspnea, myalgias, angioedema, rash, fever, nausea, and diarrhea. Although cardiac and neurologic symptoms are less common at presentation, they can be life-threatening. CASE REPORT We report the case of an 85-year-old man who presented with fever, malaise, and loss of appetite for 3 weeks, followed by dyspnea and dry cough for 2 weeks. His absolute eosinophil count was 9000 cells/µl, which was not responding to empirical antibiotic therapy, with worsening of symptoms, suggesting a non-infective origin. He was then extensively evaluated to establish underlying an etiology for specific treatment, which was negative for common causes like atypical infections, malignancy, and autoimmune disorders. He was then started on corticosteroid therapy to overcome an exaggerated immune response and reduce inflammation-related injury, to which he responded well. On follow-up, hypereosinophilia was fully cured, with reversal of end-organ involvement including myocarditis and pneumonitis. CONCLUSIONS This report shows that idiopathic HES can present with various clinical features and that accurate diagnosis, excluding known causes of eosinophilia, and early management are essential to prevent long-term organ damage. Our patient responded to prompt treatment with high-dose corticosteroids.

[Chronic neutrophilic leukemia/chronic eosinophilic leukemia].

Chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL) is a clonal disorder that is characterized by increasing mature neutrophils. Colony stimulating factor 3 receptor (CSF3R) T618I mutation was frequently identified in patients with CNL and is defined as a molecular marker of the disease. Ruxolitinib, a JAK2 inhibitor, provided a promising therapeutic effect in a phase II study. In particular, ruxolitinib was more efficient for patients with CSF3R mutation. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (Allo-SCT) may be a curative treatment for CNL. On the other hand, further studies are needed to define the optimal method of transplantation, source of donor, conditioning therapy, and timing of transplantation. Chronic eosinophilic leukemia (CEL) is a clonal disorder that is characterized by increasing eosinophils. In the World Health Organization Classification 5th edition, diagnostic criteria for CEL are renewed. Because the new criteria will be more specific for CEL than criteria in the older edition, "not otherwise specified (NOS) " is removed from the name of the disease. Anti-CD52 antibody, alemtuzumab, or anti-IL-5 antibody, mepolizumab, are promising drugs to control symptoms that are associated with hypereosinophilic syndrome. Allo-SCT is anticipated as a curative treatment for CEL, but the evidence of Allo-SCT for CEL is still limited. Further study is required to define the treatment strategy.

Hypereosinophilic syndrome with massive liver infarction: A case report.

RATIONALE: Liver infarction caused only by hepatic artery occlusion is rare. Elevated levels of eosinophils in the blood and tissue can have devastating consequences. PATIENT CONCERNS: Male, 21 years old, presented with persistent abdominal distension and discomfort for more than ten days without an apparent cause. Laboratory findings showed an eosinophil percentage of 32.5% (normal range 0.5%-5%). Computed tomographic angiography of the hepatic artery and its branches did not show any enhancement, only the common hepatic artery was visible. DIAGNOSIS: The patient in this case had a peripheral blood eosinophil count of ≥1.5 × 109/L in multiple examinations over 6 months, and eosinophilic leukemia and secondary causes such as parasitic infections, allergic diseases, or tumors were ruled out, confirming the diagnosis of hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES). INTERVENTIONS: The patients were treated with interventional therapy, glucocorticoid pulse therapy and anti-infection therapy. OUTCOMES: After interventional therapy, glucocorticoid pulse therapy, and anti-infection treatment, the patient was reexamined 2 months later. The CT scan showed that the range of the original infarction in the liver had shrunk compared to before, and the remaining liver had enlarged with good compensation; Laboratory tests improved compared with baseline: eosinophil percentage of 0.1%. LESSONS: This article discusses a rare case of hepatic artery occlusion and liver infarction in a young male patient with HES. The cause of hepatic artery embolism and hepatic infarction may be related to the abnormal increase in eosinophils, which can lead to hypercoagulation and thrombus formation. The article emphasizes the importance of timely diagnosis and treatment of HES to prevent life-threatening thrombotic events and describes the successful management of the patient condition through anticoagulation, anti-infection, liver protection, and glucocorticoid therapy.

Hypereosinophilic syndrome presenting as eosinophilic gastroenteritis exacerbated by clopidogrel bisulphate.

Clopidogrel is a widely prescribed prodrug with antithrombotic activity that functions by irreversibly inhibiting the P2Y12 receptors on platelets; nevertheless, drug-induced eosinophilia from this drug is rarely reported. An 81-year-old man was diagnosed with cerebral infarction 2 months earlier and was admitted to our hospital with rash, fever, wheezing, and stomach discomfort after being initiated with clopidogrel treatment. Based on his medical history, chest CT, and gastroscopy, we diagnosed him with clopidogrel-induced hypereosinophilic syndrome. After discontinuation of clopidogrel, the eosinophilia and symptoms improved. In cases of drug-induced eosinophilia, it is important to obtain a detailed medical history.

Idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome presenting as capsular warning syndrome: A case report and literature review.

RATIONALE: Few reports of idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome exist presenting as ischemic cerebrovascular disease, and the majority are watershed infarction. We report the first case of idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome that has clinical features of capsular warning syndrome lasting 6 weeks. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 26-year-old man complained of recurrent right limb weakness, accompanying slurred speech, and right facial paresthesia. DIAGNOSES: The patient was diagnosed with idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (IHES). INTERVENTIONS: Adequate glucocorticoid and anticoagulant treatments were given. OUTCOMES: The patient's motor ability improved, and he was discharged 2 weeks later. Muscle strength in the right-side extremities had fully recovered at a 3-month follow-up after discharge. LESSONS: This case suggests that idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome should be considered as a cause of capsular warning syndrome, and the dose of glucocorticoid and the efficacy evaluation index needs to be reevaluated for the treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular disease associated with idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome.

Buddi-Chiari syndrome associated with hypereosinophilic syndrome: A case report.

RATIONALE: Budd-Chiari Syndrome (BCS) is a relatively rare clinical disorder with a wide range of symptoms, caused by the obstruction of the hepatic venous outflow. The etiology and pathogenesis of BCS vary in different countries and regions. In Western countries, hepatic venous obstruction is the most common type, and its main cause is closely related to the hypercoagulable state of the body. Inferior vena cava obstruction is common in Asia, and its etiology progresses slowly due to the lack of epidemiological data. [3] Here, we report a rare case of BCS associated with the hypereosinophilic syndrome and discuss the possible causal relationship between the two. PATIENT CONCERNS: The patient was a 33-year-old female with intermittent epistaxis, gum bleeding, and excessive menstrual flow for the past 6 months. The routine blood tests showed elevated levels of eosinophils, and the liver function test showed mildly elevated levels of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase and alkaline phosphatase, and abdominal ultrasound showed hepatosplenomegaly and suspicion of intrahepatic arteriovenous or arteriovenous-portal fistula. DIAGNOSES: Finally, through the improvement of bone marrow aspiration, digital subtraction angiography and gene detection, the diagnosis of BCS combined with hypereosinophilic syndrome was confirmed, and JAK2V617F mutation was highly associated with it. INTERVENTIONS: The patient received endovascular stent implantation and regular oral rivaroxaban anticoagulation therapy after operation. OUTCOMES: Seven months later, enhanced computed tomography (CT) of the hepatobiliary showed that the hepatic bruise-like changes were significantly reduced compared with before, and the right hepatic vein and the right perihepatic vein stent were left in place with a good filling of contrast in the stent. LESSONS: The patient, in this case, was finally diagnosed with BCS combined with hypereosinophilic syndrome, and to our knowledge, such case reports are rare. Our case report suggest an association between BCS and hypereosinophilic syndrome, but relevant studies are minimal, we hope to conduct larger and higher quality studies on these patients in the future, to provide new directions and basis for the etiology and pathogenesis of these diseases, as well as provide new targets and ideas for clinical treatment.

Biologics and Hypereosinophilic Syndromes: Knowledge Gaps and Controversies.

Hypereosinophilic syndromes (HES) are a heterogeneous group of disorders defined by blood and/or tissue hypereosinophilia and clinical manifestations attributable to the eosinophilia. Although various clinical subtypes of HES have been described, the general approach to therapy in all subtypes has focused on the reduction of blood and tissue eosinophilia to improve symptoms and halt disease progression. Until recently, this typically involved the use of corticosteroids and/or other immunosuppressive or cytotoxic drugs with significant toxicity. Whereas imatinib, the first targeted therapy approved for treatment of HES, has dramatically changed the prognosis of patients with primary (myeloid) forms of HES, it is ineffective in patients with other HES subtypes. For these nonmyeloid patients with HES, the development of eosinophil-targeting biologics (most notably, mepolizumab, the first biologic approved for the treatment of HES) has been transformative. Nevertheless, important issues remain with respect to the efficacy and safety of these biologics in the treatment of the varied subtypes of HES. Moreover, with the increasing number of commercially available biologics with direct or indirect effects on eosinophils, questions related to the choice of initial biologic, potential reasons for biologic failure, and treatment options in the setting of incomplete response are becoming increasingly common.

The portrait of a stranger: the hypereosinophilic syndrome with cardiac involvement.

INTRODUCTION: Hypereosinophilic syndrome is a rare clinical condition, and cardiac involvement confers a poor prognosis. Hypereosinophilic myocarditis is a medical emergency and targeted treatment should be started promptly even before a definitive diagnosis could be made. CASE PRESENTATION: A 27-year-old female patient is hospitalized for exertional dyspnea, chest pain, and fatigue for the past 2 weeks. She also describes left leg paresthesias. Clinical examination was in normal limits. ECG showed sinus tachycardia, QS pattern in V1-V4, and diffuse flattened T waves. Laboratory tests revealed increased inflammatory markers, hypereosinophilia, elevated cardiac enzymes, high NT-proBNP. Echocardiography revealed LV dysfunction (EF 31%), while cardiac MRI showed diffuse delayed enhancement with predominant subendocardial disposition. The electromyogram was suggestive of left tibial nerve neuropathy. We interpreted the case as eosinophilic myocarditis with an urgent requirement of therapy and initiated high-dose glucocorticoid therapy and the GDMT 4-pillar heart failure treatment. We excluded common infectious, myeloproliferative syndromes, and frequent associated autoimmune diseases. With prednisone, the eosinophil count rapidly normalized and we gradually tapered the dose by 5 mg per week, however continuing with heart failure therapy. At monthly follow-up visits, there was a significant clinical improvement, with normalization of the eosinophilic count, and a near-normalization of myocardial function. The only symptom that persisted was paresthesias linked to left tibial neuropathy. CONCLUSION: The surprisingly rapid and favorable course of the disease offers a high index of suspicion for a toxic or a reactive transitory etiology, however still unidentified. In our case, the cause of eosinophilia remained unknown, although we managed to narrow down the possible etiologies. A surprisingly good clinical response was obtained with non-specific treatment targeting mainly hyperosinophilic myocarditis.

The international consensus classification of eosinophilic disorders and systemic mastocytosis.

Based on new data and increased understanding of disease molecular genetics, the international consensus classification (ICC) has made several changes in the diagnosis and classification of eosinophilic disorders and systemic mastocytosis. Myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia (M/LN-eo) and gene rearrangements have been renamed as M/LN-eo with tyrosine kinase gene fusions (M/LN-eo-TK). The category has been expanded to include ETV6::ABL1 and FLT3 fusions, and to accept PCM1::JAK2 and its genetic variants as formal members. The overlaps and differences between M/LN-eo-TK and BCR::ABL1-like B-lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)/de novo T-ALL sharing the same genetic lesions are addressed. Besides genetics, ICC for the first time has introduced bone marrow morphologic criteria in distinguishing idiopathic hypereosinophilia/hypereosinophilic syndrome from chronic eosinophilic leukemia, not otherwise specified. The major diagnostic criteria for systemic mastocytosis (SM) in the ICC remain largely based on morphology, but several minor modifications/refinements have been made in criteria related to diagnosis, subclassification, and assessment of disease burden (B- and C-findings). This review is to focus on the ICC updates related to these disease entities, illustrated through changes related to morphology, molecular genetics, clinical features, prognosis, and treatment. Two practical algorithms are provided in navigating through the diagnosis and classification systems of hypereosinophilia and SM.